Strain Magnitude Assessed at Rest and During Stress Echocardiography in Patients with Normal Coronary Flow Reserve

Abstract Background Coronary flow and myocardial contractile performance assessed by strain magnitude increase during a dobutamine stress echocardiogram (DSE). Normal coronary flow reserve (CFR) can be attained upon completion of a DSE at age-predicted maximum heart rate (HR) (HRmax = 220 - age)] or submaximal HR [(0.85) HRmax] or before completion (early CFR). Objective To ascertain the association between delta strain and HR in patients with early normal CFR. Methods This prospective study included patients whose normal CFR was obtained before the DSE was completed. Percentage of resting HR (%HRrest) = [(HRrest ÷ HRmax) 100]% and %HR CFR = [(HR at the time of CFR attainment) ÷ (HRmax) 100]% were recorded. Strain was assessed in the left ventricular region of interest, and delta strain was calculated as the difference between the measures obtained at HRrest and after the DSE was completed. Strain agreement analysis for HRrest, %HRrest, and %HR CFR was performed using the kappa coefficient. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess data normality, and the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the groups. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Strain measured -23.3% ± 4.3% at baseline and -31.1% ± 4.9% during the DSE. In delta strain > 8 absolute points, the ROC curves showed an area under the curve of 0.874 ± 0.07 for %HRrest (p = 0.001) and an area under the curve of 0.862 ± 0.07 for %HR CFR (p = 0.001). In delta strain > 8 points, %HRrest ≤ 42.6% of HRmax and %HR CFR ≤ 62.5% of HRmax showed an accuracy of 82.9% and 79.8%, respectively. Conclusion In this study, lower HRrest and HR at the time of CFR attainment had a good association with better myocardial contractile performance, according to the change in strain magnitude.

Echocardiography Learning by Pediatricians While Screening Congenital Heart Disease with the Aid of Telemedicine.

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects 1% of all newborns and is a major public health problem. Most children with CHD benefit from early diagnosis to optimize management. However, in many places there are no specialized professionals to do so. Introduction: A screening method for CHD was developed between two states in Northeast Brazil. It was based upon the performance of an echocardiogram by local pediatricians with support of pediatric cardiologists through telemedicine. Objective: To determine if the continuous performance of examinations together with online supervision increased the level of understanding of the pediatricians about the echocardiograms. Methods: Pediatricians received online support to perform echocardiograms for 7 years (2012-2018). Although the project aimed to teach them to acquire images and send to the cardiologists for analysis and interpretation, they were encouraged to describe their own diagnostic impressions. The level of agreement between pediatricians and cardiologists was calculated. Results: A large number (n = 3,951) echocardiograms was analyzed. From them, 2,818 were classified as abnormal, inconclusive, or normal by both the pediatricians and the cardiologists. The 7-year analysis demonstrated an overall agreement of 63.7%. As for the final diagnosis, it was possible to compare 1,457 echocardiograms. The combined analysis of the 7 years demonstrated agreement in 62.2%. Discussion: The screening of CHD under online support led to more in-depth learning of echocardiography by the pediatricians. This approach potentialized the accuracy of the screening through the years. Conclusion: By enrolling in a telemedicine-based screening program, the pediatricians' degree of understanding of echocardiography increased considerably.

Gender differences in the prevalence of congenital heart disease in Down's syndrome: a brief meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Down's syndrome (DS) affects one per 700 live births and congenital heart disease (CHD) occurs in 40-60% of these patients. Contributing factors to the association between DS and CHD are being unraveled. Gender could be one of them. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis of CHD prevalence in DS, separated by gender. Three search engines were used and 578 articles were reviewed. Twelve articles were included. RESULTS: Quantitative analysis showed a higher prevalence of CHD, particularly atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD), in female patients. No differences were found in others forms of CHD. CONCLUSION: CHD, particularly AVSD, are more common in the female gender of Down's syndrome patients.

Prognostic Value of Coronary Flow Reserve Obtained on Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography and its Correlation with Target Heart Rate / Valor Prognóstico da Reserva de Fluxo Coronariano Obtida Durante o Ecocardiograma sob Estresse com Dobutamina e sua Correlação com a Frequência Cardíaca Alvo

Abstract Background: Normal coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) (≥ 2) obtained in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) from transthoracic echocardiography is associated with a good prognosis, but there is no study correlating CFVR with submaximal target heart rate (HR). Objective: To evaluate the prognostic value of CFVR obtained in the LAD of patients with preserved (>50%) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) who completed a dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE), considering target HR. Methods: Prospective study of patients with preserved LVEF and CFVR obtained in the LAD who completed DSE. In Group I (GI = 31), normal CFVR was obtained before achieving target HR, and, in Group II (GII = 28), after that. Group III (G III=24) reached target HR, but CFVR was abnormal. Death, acute coronary insufficiency, coronary intervention, coronary angiography without further intervention, and hospitalization were considered events. Results: In 28 ± 4 months, there were 18 (21.6%) events: 6% (2/31) in GI, 18% (5/28) in GII, and 46% (11/24) in GIII. There were 4 (4.8%) deaths, 6 (7.2%) coronary interventions and 8 (9.6%) coronary angiographies without further intervention. In event-free survival by regression analysis, GIII had more events than GI (p < 0.001) and GII (p < 0.045), with no difference between GI and GII (p = 0.160). After adjustment, the only difference was between GIII and GI (p = 0.012). Conclusion: In patients with preserved LVEF and who completed their DSE, normal CFVR obtained before achieving target HR was associated with better prognosis.

Resumo Fundamento: A reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano (RVFC) adequada (≥ 2) obtida na artéria descendente anterior (ADA) através do ecocardiograma transtorácico associa-se a bom prognóstico, mas não há estudo correlacionando-a com a frequência cardíaca (FC) alvo (submáxima). Objetivo: Avaliar o valor prognóstico da RVFC obtida na ADA de pacientes com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada (>50%) e ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED) concluído, considerando a FC alvo submáxima. Métodos: studo prospectivo de pacientes com FEVE preservada e RVFC obtida na ADA durante EED concluído. No Grupo I (GI=31), a RVFC adequada foi obtida antes de se atingir a FC alvo, e no Grupo II (G II=28), após. O Grupo III (G III=24) atingiu a FC alvo, mas a RVFC foi inadequada. Foram considerados eventos: óbito, insuficiência coronariana aguda, intervenção coronariana, coronariografia sem intervenção subsequente e internamento hospitalar. Resultados: Em 28 ± 4 meses, ocorreram 18 (21,6%) eventos, sendo 6% (2/31) no GI, 18% (5/28) no GII e 46% (11/24) no GIII. Foram 4 (4,8%) óbitos, 6 (7,2%) intervenções coronarianas e 8 (9,6%) coronariografias sem intervenção subsequente. Na sobrevida livre de eventos pela análise de regressão, GIII apresentou mais eventos do que GI (p < 0,001) ou GII (p < 0,045), não havendo diferença entre GI e GII (p = 0,160). Após o ajustamento, foi mantida a diferença apenas entre GIII e GI (p = 0,012). Conclusão: Em pacientes com FEVE preservada e EED concluído, a RVFC adequada obtida antes da FC alvo associou-se ao melhor prognóstico.

Prognostic Value of Coronary Flow Reserve Obtained on Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography and its Correlation with Target Heart Rate.

BACKGROUND:: Normal coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) (≥ 2) obtained in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) from transthoracic echocardiography is associated with a good prognosis, but there is no study correlating CFVR with submaximal target heart rate (HR). OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the prognostic value of CFVR obtained in the LAD of patients with preserved (>50%) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) who completed a dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE), considering target HR. METHODS:: Prospective study of patients with preserved LVEF and CFVR obtained in the LAD who completed DSE. In Group I (GI = 31), normal CFVR was obtained before achieving target HR, and, in Group II (GII = 28), after that. Group III (G III=24) reached target HR, but CFVR was abnormal. Death, acute coronary insufficiency, coronary intervention, coronary angiography without further intervention, and hospitalization were considered events. RESULTS:: In 28 ± 4 months, there were 18 (21.6%) events: 6% (2/31) in GI, 18% (5/28) in GII, and 46% (11/24) in GIII. There were 4 (4.8%) deaths, 6 (7.2%) coronary interventions and 8 (9.6%) coronary angiographies without further intervention. In event-free survival by regression analysis, GIII had more events than GI (p < 0.001) and GII (p < 0.045), with no difference between GI and GII (p = 0.160). After adjustment, the only difference was between GIII and GI (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION:: In patients with preserved LVEF and who completed their DSE, normal CFVR obtained before achieving target HR was associated with better prognosis. FUNDAMENTO:: A reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano (RVFC) adequada (≥ 2) obtida na artéria descendente anterior (ADA) através do ecocardiograma transtorácico associa-se a bom prognóstico, mas não há estudo correlacionando-a com a frequência cardíaca (FC) alvo (submáxima). OBJETIVO:: Avaliar o valor prognóstico da RVFC obtida na ADA de pacientes com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada (>50%) e ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED) concluído, considerando a FC alvo submáxima. MÉTODOS:: studo prospectivo de pacientes com FEVE preservada e RVFC obtida na ADA durante EED concluído. No Grupo I (GI=31), a RVFC adequada foi obtida antes de se atingir a FC alvo, e no Grupo II (G II=28), após. O Grupo III (G III=24) atingiu a FC alvo, mas a RVFC foi inadequada. Foram considerados eventos: óbito, insuficiência coronariana aguda, intervenção coronariana, coronariografia sem intervenção subsequente e internamento hospitalar. RESULTADOS:: Em 28 ± 4 meses, ocorreram 18 (21,6%) eventos, sendo 6% (2/31) no GI, 18% (5/28) no GII e 46% (11/24) no GIII. Foram 4 (4,8%) óbitos, 6 (7,2%) intervenções coronarianas e 8 (9,6%) coronariografias sem intervenção subsequente. Na sobrevida livre de eventos pela análise de regressão, GIII apresentou mais eventos do que GI (p < 0,001) ou GII (p < 0,045), não havendo diferença entre GI e GII (p = 0,160). Após o ajustamento, foi mantida a diferença apenas entre GIII e GI (p = 0,012). CONCLUSÃO:: Em pacientes com FEVE preservada e EED concluído, a RVFC adequada obtida antes da FC alvo associou-se ao melhor prognóstico.

Coronary flow velocity reserve during dobutamine stress echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: A coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR)≥2 is adequate to infer a favorable prognosis or the absence of significant coronary artery disease. OBJECTIVE: To identify parameters which are relevant to obtain CFVR (adequate or inadequate) in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE). METHODS: 100 patients referred for detection of myocardial ischemia by DSE were evaluated; they were instructed to discontinue the use of ß-blockers 72 hours prior to the test. CFVR was calculated as a ratio of the diastolic peak velocity (cm/s) (DPV) on DSE (DPV-DSE) to baseline DPV at rest (DPV-Rest). In group I, CFVR was <2 and, in group II, CFVR was ≥2. The Fisher's exact test and Student's t test were used for the statistical analyses. P values<0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: At rest, the time (in seconds) to obtain Doppler in LAD in groups I and II was not different (53±31 vs. 45±32; p=0.23). During DSE, LAD was recorded in 92 patients. Group I patients were older (65.9±9.3 vs. 61.2±10.8 years; p=0.04), had lower ejection fraction (61±10 vs. 66±6%; p=0.005), higher DPV-Rest (36.81±08 vs. 25.63±06 cm/s; p<0.0001) and lower CFVR (1.67±0.24 vs. 2.53±0.57; p<0.0001), but no difference was observed regarding DPVDSE (61.40±16 vs. 64.23±16 cm/s; p=0.42). ß-blocker discontinuation was associated with a 4-fold higher chance of a CFVR<2 (OR= 4; 95% CI [1.171-13.63], p=0.027). CONCLUSION: DPV-Rest was the main parameter to determine an adequate CFVR. ß-blocker discontinuation was significantly associated with inadequate CFVR. The high feasibility and the time to record the LAD corroborate the use of this methodology.

Novo modelo de teletriagem das cardiopatias congênitas / Tele-screening new model of congenital heart disease

Um modelo de triagem das cardiopatias congênitas foi criado associando a telemedicina com a captação de imagens ecocardiográficas básicas por neonatologistas. Foi baseado num treinamento presencial e na orientação dos casos via internet. Esse modelo é viável, desde que sob tutela de um cardiologista pediátrico, pois reduz custos e distâncias no contexto do diagnóstico das cardiopatias congênitas.

A “tele-screening” model for CHD was developed using telemedicine coupled with online training of neonatologists on the acquisition of basic cardiac views. An initial live training session was provided and subsequently the examinations were oriented online. Under cardiology supervision, the tele-screening model proved to be reliable as it reduced cost and distances in the context of congenital heart disease.

Reserva de Velocidade de Fluxo Coronariano durante o Ecocardiograma sob Estresse com Dobutamina / Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve during Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography

Fundamento: A reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano (RVFC) ≥ 2 é adequada para inferir bom prognóstico ou ausência de coronariopatia importante. Objetivo: Identificar parâmetros relevantes na obtenção da RVFC (adequada ou inadequada) na descendente anterior (ADA), durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED). Métodos: Avaliação de 100 pacientes encaminhados para pesquisa de isquemia miocárdica através do EED, orientados para suspender o betabloqueador 72 horas antes do exame. Calculou-se a RVFC pela divisão do pico de velocidade (cm/s) diastólica (PVD) verificado no EED (PVD-EED) pelo de repouso (PVD-REP). No grupo I, a RVFC < 2 e no grupo II a RVFC ≥ 2. Foram utilizados o teste t de Student e o exato de Fisher. Significância estatística quando p < 0,05. Resultados: Em repouso, o tempo (segundos) para obter o Doppler na ADA nos grupos I e II não diferiu (53 ± 31 vs. 45 ± 32; p = 0,23). No EED, registrou-se a ADA em 92 pacientes. O grupo I evidenciou pacientes mais velhos (65,9 ± 9,3 vs. 61,2 ± 10,8 anos; p = 0,04), menor fração de ejeção (61 ± 10 vs. 66 ± 6%; p = 0,005), maior PVD-REP (36,81 ± 08 vs. 25,63 ± 06 cm/s; p < 0,0001) e menor RVFC (1,67 ± 0,24 vs. 2,53 ± 0,57; p < 0,0001), entretanto o PVD-EED não diferiu (61,40 ± 16 vs. 64,23 ± 16 cm/s; p = 0,42). A suspensão do betabloqueador associou-se à chance 4 vezes maior de ocorrer RVFC < 2 (OR = 4; 95% IC [1,171 - 13,63], p = 0,027). Conclusão: O PVD-REP foi o principal parâmetro para determinar uma RVFC adequada. A suspensão do betabloqueador associou-se significativamente com RVFC inadequada. A elevada exequibilidade e o tempo para registro da ADA favorecem a utilização dessa metodologia. .

Background: A coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) ≥ 2 is adequate to infer a favorable prognosis or the absence of significant coronary artery disease. Objective: To identify parameters which are relevant to obtain CFVR (adequate or inadequate) in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE). Methods: 100 patients referred for detection of myocardial ischemia by DSE were evaluated; they were instructed to discontinue the use of β-blockers 72 hours prior to the test. CFVR was calculated as a ratio of the diastolic peak velocity (cm/s) (DPV) on DSE (DPV-DSE) to baseline DPV at rest (DPV-Rest). In group I, CFVR was < 2 and, in group II, CFVR was ≥ 2. The Fisher's exact test and Student's t test were used for the statistical analyses. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: At rest, the time (in seconds) to obtain Doppler in LAD in groups I and II was not different (53±31 vs. 45±32; p=0.23). During DSE, LAD was recorded in 92 patients. Group I patients were older (65.9±9.3 vs. 61.2±10.8 years; p=0.04), had lower ejection fraction (61±10 vs. 66±6%; p=0.005), higher DPV-Rest (36.81±08 vs. 25.63 ± 06cm/s; p<0.0001) and lower CFVR (1.67 ± 0.24 vs. 2.53 ± 0.57; p<0.0001), but no difference was observed regarding DPVDSE (61.40±16 vs. 64.23±16cm/s; p=0.42). β-blocker discontinuation was associated with a 4-fold higher chance of a CFVR < 2 (OR= 4; 95% CI [1.171-13.63], p=0.027). Conclusion: DPV-Rest was the main parameter to determine an adequate CFVR. β-blocker discontinuation was significantly associated with inadequate CFVR. The high feasibility and the time to record the LAD corroborate the use of this methodology. .

Ecocardiografia sob estresse em pacientes idosos / Stress echocardiography in elderly patients

Observamos a ocorrência de significativas modificações na atitude do cardiologista diante do idoso. A ecocardiografia é uma ferramenta essencial para o diagnóstico, conduta terapêutica e avaliação prognóstica do paciente com doença arterial coronariana. Contudo, a literatura émuito limitada quanto à ecocardiografia sob estresse, aplicada para os idosos com coronariopatia conhecida ou suspeita. São utilizados como estressores o exercício, os fármacos (dobutamina, dipiridamol e adenosina) e o marca-passo, porém, as maiores faixas etárias têm peculiaridades que determinam vantagens e limitações para as diversas modalidades de ecocardiograma sob estresse, devendo o ecocardiografista analisar com prudência e conhecimento para decidir aquele que melhor se aplica. Nesta revisão, abordaremos diversas metodologias disponíveis, considerandosegurança, análise dos efeitos adversos maiores e menores, acurácia e valor prognóstico. A constatação da grande importância da ecocardiografia sob estresse no idoso é obvia. Cabe-nos a tarefa de tornar essa efetiva metodologia mais presente na rotina da clínica cardiológica.

Development brings along longevity, changing in paradigms and technological innovations. It can be observed significant changes in the attitudeof the cardiologist towards the elderly. The echocardiography is an essential tool to the diagnosis, therapeutic conduct and prognostic evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease. However, the literature about stress echocardiography in elderly patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease is limited. The exercise, the drugs (dobutamine, dipyridamole and adenosine) and the pacemaker are used to cause stress. However, there are peculiarities in the oldest age groups that determine advantages and limitations to the different kinds of stress echocardiograms, so, the echocardiographer should analyze carefully and wisely to decide which best applies. This review shows different methodologies which are available, considering safety, analysis of major and minor side effects, accuracy and prognostic value. The verification of the great importance of the stress echocardiography in the elderly is obvious. It is our task to make this effective methodology more present in the routine of the cardiologic clinic.

Internal thoracic artery graft (ITAG): patency and functional status at rest and during dobutamine-stress echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: The patent internal thoracic artery graft (ITAG) usually has a diastolic fraction (DF) > 50% of the flow. The functional assessment can be evaluated by the coronary reserve index (CRI). OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the patency and functional status of the ITAG through echocardiography and Doppler. METHODS: Data from sixty-six patients who underwent dobutamine-stress echocardiography (DSE) were prospectively collected and analyzed. Group I (GI) had 49 ITAG without stenosis, Group II (GII), 10 ITAG with significant stenosis (> 50% and <100%) and Group III (GIII) had 7 ITAG with total occlusion. Diameters and Doppler spectrums from the ITAG at rest and during DSE were evaluated. RESULTS: Considering patency a DF >50%, it was observed in 49 ITAG (GI= 40, GII= 8 and GIII= 1) at rest and in 61 ITAG (GI=49, GII=10 and GIII=2) during DSE. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy were respectively, 81%, 86%, 98%, 35% and 82%, and 100%, at rest and 71%, 97%, 100% and 97% in the DSE. The ITAG with DF>50% at rest were patent and the ones with DF<50% in the DSE presented total occlusion. Considering a CRI>1.8 for a good functional status, it was observed in 42 ITAG (39 from GI, 2 from GII and 1 from GIII), determining sensitivity=79%, specificity=85.7%, PPV=94%, NPV=59% and accuracy= 80.9%. The CRI in GI was higher (p= 0.02) than in GII or GIII. CONCLUSION: In our study, the non-invasive assessment of the ITAG was effective to verify the patency and the functional status.

Internal thoracic artery graft (ITAG): patency and functional status at rest and during dobutamine-stress echocardiography / Artéria torácica interna enxertada: patência e estado funcional em repouso e após dobutamina

FUNDAMENTO: A artéria torácica interna enxertada (ATIE) patente usualmente tem fração diastólica (FD)> 50 por cento do fluxo. O estado funcional pode ser avaliado pelo índice de reserva coronariano (IRC). OBJETIVO: Avaliar, pela ecocardiografia e pelo Doppler em nível supraclavicular, a patência e o estado funcional da ATIE. MÉTODOS: Foram coletados prospectivamente e analisados os dados de 66 pacientes submetidos a ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED). O grupo I (GI) ocorreu com 49 ATIE sem estenose. No grupo II (GII) (10 ATIE) havia estenose significativa (> 50 por cento e <100 por cento). E no grupo III (GIII) (7 ATIE) a oclusão era de 100 por cento. Foram avaliados diâmetros e espectros do Doppler das ATIE no repouso e EED. RESULTADOS: Considerando patência uma FD>50 por cento, ocorreu em 49 ATIE (GI=40, GII=8 e GIII=1) no repouso e em 61 ATIE (GI=49, GII=10 e GIII=2) durante EED. Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP), valor preditivo negativo (VPN) e acurácia foram, respectivamente, em repouso, 81 por cento, 86 por cento ,98 por cento, 35 por cento e 82 por cento; e no EED, 100 por cento, 71 por cento, 97 por cento, 100 por cento e 97 por cento. As ATIE com FD>50 por cento em repouso estavam patentes e as com FD<50 por cento no EED tinham oclusão total. Considerando para bom estado funcional um IRC>1,8, isso ocorreu em 42 ATIE (39 do GI, 2 do GII e 1 GIII), verificando-se sensibilidade = 79 por cento; especificidade = 85,7 por cento; VPP = 94 por cento; VPN = 59 por cento; e acurácia = 80,9 por cento. O IRC no GI foi maior (p=0,02) que em GII e GIII. CONCLUSÃO: Em nosso estudo, a avaliação não-invasiva da ATIE foi efetiva para verificar patência e estado funcional.

BACKGROUND: The patent internal thoracic artery graft (ITAG) usually has a diastolic fraction (DF) > 50 percent of the flow. The functional assessment can be evaluated by the coronary reserve index (CRI). OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the patency and functional status of the ITAG through echocardiography and Doppler. METHODS: Data from sixty-six patients who underwent dobutamine-stress echocardiography (DSE) were prospectively collected and analyzed. Group I (GI) had 49 ITAG without stenosis, Group II (GII), 10 ITAG with significant stenosis (> 50 percent and <100 percent) and Group III (GIII) had 7 ITAG with total occlusion. Diameters and Doppler spectrums from the ITAG at rest and during DSE were evaluated. RESULTS: Considering patency a DF >50 percent, it was observed in 49 ITAG (GI= 40, GII= 8 and GIII= 1) at rest and in 61 ITAG (GI=49, GII=10 and GIII=2) during DSE. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy were respectively, 81 percent, 86 percent, 98 percent, 35 percent and 82 percent, and 100 percent, at rest and 71 percent, 97 percent, 100 percent and 97 percent in the DSE. The ITAG with DF>50 percent at rest were patent and the ones with DF<50 percent in the DSE presented total occlusion. Considering a CRI>1.8 for a good functional status, it was observed in 42 ITAG (39 from GI, 2 from GII and 1 from GIII), determining sensitivity=79 percent, specificity=85.7 percent, PPV=94 percent, NPV=59 percent and accuracy= 80.9 percent. The CRI in GI was higher (p= 0.02) than in GII or GIII. CONCLUSION: In our study, the non-invasive assessment of the ITAG was effective to verify the patency and the functional status.

Arritmias complexas que surgem durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina e atropina / Complex arrythmias that occur during dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography

Objetivo: Analisar arritmias complexas (AC) que surgem durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina(EED) e atropina. Método: Dentre 6563 EED, analisamos, retrospectivamente, o grupo A (GA) de 167 (2,5 por cento) pacientes(pac) com AC(maior ou igual 3 ectopias consectivas) que surgiram durante o EED e comparamos ao grupo controle (GC) de 167 pac sem ectopia. Classificamos AC em taquicardia supraventricular (TSV), ventricular não-sustentada (TVNS) e fibrilação atrial (FA). Usamos dobutamina (com ou sem atropina) em até 4 estágios. Resultados: Cada grupo compunha-se de 94 mulheres e 114 pac maior ou igual 65 anos. Foram maiores no GA a pressão arterial (PA)sistólica basal (139 mais ou menos 20 vs 132 mais ou menos 15; p igual 0,003) e, no EED (151 mais ou menos 25 vs 143 mais ou menos 19; p igual 0,004), a PA diastólica...

[Safety and feasibility of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography in octogenarian patients]. / Segurança e exeqüibilidade do ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina e atropina em pacientes octogenários.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility and safety of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography (DASE) in octogenarians. METHODS: We evaluated 5,467 DASE which were distributed in two groups: group I (GI) with 203 DASE performed in octogenarians, and group II (GII), the control group, with 5,264 DASE. The mean age of GI and GII was 83 +/- 3 (80-95) and 59 +/- 11 (17-79) years, respectively. DASE parameters that were prospectively collected, were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: The percentage of patients that achieved maximum heart rate was 63.5% in GI and 41% in GII (p < 0.001), and GI patients required less atropine compared to GII (GI = 47%, GII = 78%, p < 0.001). The presence of chest pain (GI = 13%, GII = 15.6%, p = 0.429) and DASE positive for myocardial ischemia (GI = 20.7%, GII = 16.9%, p = 0.296) were not statistically different between the two groups. However, concomitant positive DASE and absence of chest pain (GI = 17%, GII = 11%, p = 0.029) was higher in GI. The incidence of premature beats in GI was higher than in GII (GI = 47.8%, GII = 27.6%, p < 0.001), and there were more supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (ST) in GI than in GII (GI = 5.9%, GII = 1.9%, p = 0.001). Out of 11 ST that happened in GI, 9 reverted spontaneously. There weren't either deaths or acute myocardial infarction. Ventricular fibrillation only happened in GII (2 cases, 0.03%). CONCLUSION: In the present study, octogenarians achieved maximum heart rate more frequently despite the lesser amount of atropine that they required for DASE completion. Moreover, in this elderly population, there was a higher correlation between positive DASE and absence of chest pain. Although octogenarians did present more heart rhythm disturbs, they usually resolved spontaneously. In our study, DASE proved to be feasible and safe in octogenarians.

Segurança e exeqüibilidade do ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina e atropina em pacientes octogenários / Safety and feasibility of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography in octogenarian patients

OBJETIVO: Verificar a exeqüibilidade e segurança do ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina e atropina (EED) em octogenários. MÉTODOS: Avaliaram-se 5.467 EED, distribuídos entre grupo dos octogenários (GI=203) e grupo controle (GII=5.264). A idade média no GI=83±3 (80-95) e no GII=59±11 (17-79) anos. Os parâmetros resultantes do EED, coletados prospectivamente, foram comparados e analisados. RESULTADOS: O percentual de pacientes que atingiram freqüência cardíaca máxima foi em GI=63,5 por cento e GII=41 por cento (GI vs. GII; p<0,001), e o GI necessitou de menos atropina (GI=47 por cento vs. GII=78 por cento; p<0,001). A ocorrência de dor não foi significativamente diferente (GI=13 por cento vs. GII=15,6 por cento; p=0,429), nem o percentual de EED positivo para isquemia miocárdica (GI=20,7 por cento vs. GII=16,9 por cento; p=0,296), mas a concomitância entre EED positivo e ausência de dor (GI=17 por cento vs. GII=11 por cento; p=0,029) foi maior no grupo I. A ocorrência de extra-sistolia (GI=47,8 por cento vs GII=27,6 por cento; p<0,001) e taquiarritmia supraventricular (GI=5,9 por cento vs. GII=1,9 por cento; p=0,001) foi maior no grupo I. Das 11 taquiarritmias supraventriculares do grupo I, 9 reverteram espontaneamente. Não houve óbito, infarto ou prevalência de taquicardia ventricular. Só ocorreu fibrilação ventricular (2 casos; 0,03 por cento) no GII. CONCLUSAO: Apesar do menor uso de atropina para concluir o EED, os octogenários atingiram mais a freqüência cardíaca máxima. Houve uma maior correlação entre EED positivo para isquemia miocárdica e a ausência de dor. Apresentaram mais distúrbios do ritmo, todavia a resolução, em geral, foi espontânea. Em nosso estudo, o EED mostrou ser um método exeqüível e seguro para os octogenários.

Tetralogy of Fallot and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a rare association.

Tetralogy of Fallot is known as the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease and has a prevalence of 10% of all congenital heart diseases. Although many other heart anomalies may coexist, the association of tetralogy of Fallot and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is extremely rare. We report this association in a 15-month-old female, cyanotic since birth, in her first hospital admission for diagnosis and treatment of recurring cyanotic crises. In addition, a review of the literature and of the problems related to the treatment is provided.

Associaçäo rara entre tetralogia de Fallot e miocardiopatia hipertrófica / Tetralogy of Fallot and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A rare association

Tetralogy of Fallot is known as the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease and has a prevalence of 10 percent of all congenital heart diseases. Although many other heart anomalies may coexist, the association of tetralogy of Fallot and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is extremely rare. We report this association in a 15-month-old female, cyanotic since birth, in her first hospital admission for diagnosis and treatment of recurring cyanotic crises. In addition, a review of the literature and of the problems related to the treatment is provided

Cirurgia de revascularização coronariana esquerda sem CEC e sem manuseio da aorta em pacientes acima de 75 anos: análise das mortalidades imediata e a médio prazo e das complicações neurológicas no pós-operatório imediato / Surgery of revascularization coronary left without (ECC) and manuscript of aorta in patients above of 75 years

INTRODUÇÃO: A circulação extracorpórea (CEC) e o manuseio da aorta ascendente (MAA) estão associados a alta incidência de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) na cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (RM) em pacientes idosos. Esta complicação deve-se, sobretudo, ao MAA, por ocasião do pinçamento e despinçamento, quer para isolamento do coração do circuito de CEC, quer para realização das anastomoses dos enxertos na aorta ascendente. OBJETIVOS: Verificar mortalidades imediata e a médio prazo e a ocorrência de AVC no pós-operatório imediato (POI) em pacientes acima de 75 anos submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização do sistema coronariano esquerdo (SCE), sem CEC e sem MAA. MÉTODO: De janeiro de 2000 a abril de 2002, 40 pacientes acima de 75 anos (média 79,1 anos) foram submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização do SCE, com enxerto de artéria torácica interna esquerda (ATIE) para a artéria descendente anterior (DA), e enxerto(s) de veia safena magna oriundo(s) da ATIE para outro(s) ramo(s) da coronária esquerda (enxerto composto), sem CEC e sem MAA. Houve predominância do sexo masculino (67,5 por cento). Foram realizados 89 enxertos (média 2,22 pontes por paciente), sendo 40 (44,94 por cento) de ATIE e 49 (55,06 por cento) de veia safena. A ocorrência de AVC foi avaliada por exames clínico e neurológico. RESULTADOS: Não foi observada ocorrência de AVC no grupo estudado. Não houve óbitos no POI. CONCLUSÃO: A cirurgia de revascularização do SCE em pacientes acima de 75 anos sem CEC e sem MAA pode ser realizada sistematicamente de modo a evitar a ocorrência de AVC, com baixa mortalidade